25/05/2026
On the northern side of Gianyar, hidden among lush rice terraces and the traditional subak irrigation system, stands one of Bali’s most remarkable archaeological sites: Gunung Kawi Cliff Temple.
Located in Banjar Penaka, Tampaksiring Village, Gianyar, this historic complex is known for its ten ancient shrines carved directly into towering sandstone cliffs along the sacred Pakerisan River. The atmosphere feels timeless, with nature, history, and spirituality blending beautifully in one place.
Gunung Kawi is believed to have been built in the mid-11th century during the Udayana or Warmadewa dynasty. Its construction is thought to have begun during the reign of King Marakata and later completed under King Anak Wungsu. According to the Tengkulak Inscription, an ancient hermitage called Amarawati once existed along the Pakerisan River, which many archaeologists believe refers to the area now known as Gunung Kawi.
The ten shrines are spread across three main areas. Five shrines are located on the eastern side of the river and are considered the main complex. On the western side, four shrines are aligned from north to south facing the river, while one more shrine stands further south, separated from the group.
Historically, King Udayana and Queen Gunapriya Dharmapatni had three sons: Airlangga, Marakata, and Anak Wungsu. After King Udayana’s passing, Marakata inherited the throne, followed by Anak Wungsu. The Gunung Kawi complex is believed to have been built by King Marakata as a sacred place to honour the spirit of his father, King Udayana.
One of the strongest clues is the inscription above the northernmost shrine in the eastern group, written in ancient Kadiri script. It reads “Haji Lumah Ing Jalu,” meaning “the king is laid to rest in Jalu,” referring to the Pakerisan River. This suggests the shrine was dedicated to King Udayana, while the others were likely built for the royal family.
More than just an ancient temple, Gunung Kawi offers a glimpse into Bali’s royal past, spiritual traditions, and the deep connection between nature and sacred heritage.