01/03/2017
CARACALLA, THE DAMNED EMPEROR
This story starts in 211 A.D. with the bloody ascension to the throne of Caracalla. On the death of the founder of the dynasty, the Senate and the Roman people recognize Caracalla and Geta, sons of Septimius Severus, equal powers. Dark clouds begin to obscure the sky of Rome.
The hatred of the two brothers explodes in a devious conspiracy concocted by Caracalla. He confides to his mother to be willing to reconcile with Geta. Julia Domna believes the words of her son and arranges a meeting between the two. Not even time to say hello and, in front of the woman's eyes, Caracalla slays his brother. The despotic prince is guilty of a heinous crime. Caracalla defends himself to the Senate: "It was a trap. I killed him in self-defense." No one believes him. Immediately following the act, he prohibits anyone grieving for Geta. Thousands of Romans were sentenced to death, all guilty of having had relations with his brother when he was alive, all innocent people. No mercy. This is the story of Caracalla and these are the facts.
The emperor, as recommended by his dying father, makes sure to increase his power by acquiring military backing. Far too many are the privileges granted to the military, and the Senate assists astonished at the evolution of events and is unable to react. The despotic Caracalla continues his rise and, parallel with his power, grows his madness.
To get the people on his side and celebrate himself as sovereign, he ordered the construction of the most majestic baths of Rome, exploiting the “Constitutio Antoniniana”, a law he enacted, according to which all free men of the empire may take the Roman citizenship and as such are obliged to pay heavy taxes. The Caracalla baths are built between 212 and 217 AD: the complex includes calidarium, frigidarium and tepidarium. And still the great basilica, the halls for oils and one for the sands, the turkish bath and outdoor swimming pool, the locker room and the gym, the library, columns and even a Mithras, one of the largest in Rome, all decorated with polychrome mosaics, impressive paintings and statues. Intended for popular use, it can accommodate nearly 2,000 people and remained operational until 537 A.D., when the Goths invade the City, and destroy many public works, including the Acqua Marcia aqueduct that fed the baths.
While the city is under construction, Caracalla is at war to face the barbarian invasions. In the future there will be an attack to the heart of the Empire, but for the moment Rome has the best and halts the descent of Alamanni, Quadi, Dacian, Free, Goths and Carpi. Among the various manias that afflict Caracalla is also the growing conviction that he was the reincarnation of Alexander the Great. Strenghthened by triumphs in the far north, he then decided to go and visit the grave of the Macedonian conqueror. His reputation precedes him and the citizens of Alexandria, cautious and ironic by nature, do not skimp on stories about him. The emperor ordered that they be killed by the thousands, another massacre of innocents. Now prey to total mental instability he then, just as the Macedonian king, decides to turn to the East his attentions. The Persian campaign is a faliure. Convinced he can emulate the deeds of his father, victorious in 198 A.D., Caracalla leaves for a second expedition against the Parthians but along the journey is stabbed to death by Marziale, an official seeking revenge.
Long ago, the Roman Senate had erected in honor of Septimius Severus and his children Caracalla and Geta a majestic triumphal arch to commemorate the victories over the Parthians, Arabs and Adiabeni and celebrate the first 10 years of the dynasty. The Arch of Septimius Severus, dated 202-203 A.D., is among the oldest in the ‘Urbe’ and tells of the emperor's deedsand you can see a retouched line to ‘damnatio memoriae’.
The traitors of Rome were denied the memory of their existence by removing names and faces from official monuments. Here Caracalla wanted to erase the memory of Geta but all that remains is the story of fratricide and a damned emperor.
Credit: Paolo Taffoni, Leggende Romane